Surveillance for Adverse Events Following Immunization with Domestic Sabin-Strain Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine — China情欲印象下载， 2015–2022

Chunxiang Fan1; Keli Li1; Lina Zhang1; Yuan Li1; Yifan Song1; Yan Li1; Minrui Ren1; Lance E. Rodewald1; Zundong Yin1，#

1. National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for 情欲印象下载Infectious Diseases (NITFID)， National Immunization Programme， Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Beijing， China.

# Corresponding author: Zundong Yin，yinzd@chinacdc.cn.

 

Domestic Sabin-strain inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) was approved for use in China in 2015 and introduced into the national immunization schedule in a sequential schedule with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in May 2016. However， a comprehensive analysis describing the characteristics， occurrences， and incidences of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with sIPV in China is lacking. Data on sIPV doses administered and AEFI reported from 2015 to 2022 were obtained from the CNIIS. Descriptive epidemiological methods and statistics were used to analyze and describe the characteristics， occurrences， and incidences of AEFI following sIPV in China from 2015 to 2022. From 2015 to 2022， over 110，000，000 sIPV doses were administered， and 46，748 sIPV AEFIs were reported， resulting in an AEFI reporting rate of 42.44/100，000 doses. Most AEFIs (46，333， 99.11%) were non-serious. Causality assessment determined 46，061 (98.53%) AEFIs were vaccine product-related reactions， including 44，001 (94.12%) common and 2，060 (4.41%) rare vaccine reactions. Among common vaccine reactions， reporting rates for fever >38.5°C， local redness and swelling ≥2.6 cm， and local induration ≥2.6 cm were 12.02/100，000， 5.13/100，000， and 1.67/100，000， respectively. Among rare vaccine reactions， reporting rates for anaphylactic rash， thrombocytopenic purpura， and febrile convulsion were 1.56/100，000， 0.09/100，000， and 0.03/100，000， respectively. Most reported sIPV AEFIs were non-serious， and the reporting rate of rare vaccine reactions has been very low since sIPV was approved for use in China. As sIPV remains in use in China， surveillance of AEFIs associated with this vaccine needs to be maintained.

 

国产Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗疑似驻守接种颠倒响应监测数据分析 — 中国，2015–2022年

樊春祥1；李克莉1；张丽娜1；李媛1；宋祎凡1；李燕1；任敏睿1；Lance E. Rodewald1；尹遵栋1，#

1.传染病溯源预警与智能决策寰宇要点实验室(NITFID)，免疫狡计中心，中国疾病驻守甩掉中心，北京，中国。

# 通讯作家: 尹遵栋，yinzd@chinacdc.cn。

 

国产Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗（sIPV）已于2015年获批上市使用，并于2016年5月纳入国度免疫狡计疫苗儿童免疫设施，与口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（OPV）序贯接种。此前尚未有中国举座的sIPV疑似驻守接种颠倒响应（AEFI）证据情况和溜达特征的态状分析。本讨论使用中国疾病驻守甩掉信息系统免疫狡计子系统（CNIIS）中蚁集的中国2015-2022年sIPV接种信息和AEFI证据数据，利用态状性流行病学时势对sIPV AEFI的证据情况和基本特征进行了初步分析。2015-2022年，寰宇共接种进步1.10亿剂次sIPV，证据46748例AEFI，证据发生率为42.44/10万剂次。证据的AEFI中，绝大多半为非严重病例（46333例，占99.11%）。证据的AEFI分类中，46061例（98.53%）被分类为不良响应，其中44001例（94.12%）为一般响应，2060例（4.41%）为颠倒响应。在一般响应中，发烧＞38.5℃、局部红肿直径≥2.6cm、局部硬结直径≥2.6cm的证据发生率差异为12.02/10万剂次、5.13/10万剂次、1.67/10万剂次。在颠倒响应中，过敏性皮疹、血小板减少性紫癜和高热惊厥的证据发生率差异为1.56/10万剂次、0.09/10万剂次和0.03/10万剂次。自sIPV在中国获批上市使用后，证据的AEFI以非严重为主，颠倒响应的证据发生率相当低。跟着sIPV在东说念主群中的实讹诈用，需连接开展该疫苗的AEFI监测。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.261

 

 

Impact of Immunization Strategies on Rubella Incidence During Progress Toward Rubella Control and Elimination — China， 2004–2023

Siyu Liu1; Xia Xu1; Qianqian Liu1; Lin Tang1; Xiaoqi Wang1; Aodi Huang1; Jiuhong Li1; Yuexin Xiu1; Hong Yang1; Ning Wen1; Lance E. Rodewald1; Zundong Yin1; Fuzhen Wang1，#

1. National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID)， National Immunization Programme， Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Beijing， China.

# Corresponding author: Fuzhen Wang， wangfz@chinacdc.cn.

 

Since rubella was incorporated into the national disease surveillance system in 2004， rubella incidence has changed dramatically. This study analyzed the impact of immunization strategies on the age-specific and sex-specific incidence of rubella in China from 2004 to 2023 to inform efforts to accelerate rubella elimination. Annual rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) coverage levels， reported rubella cases and incidence， and vaccination status of cases were obtained from the National Immunization Program Information Management System， the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting System， and the Measles Surveillance System， and used to describe temporal trends. Incidence trends and annual percent changes (APC) by age group and sex were estimated using joinpoint regression. In 2008， RCV coverage was 51.5% for the first dose and 39.0% for the second dose， increasing to and stabilizing at 95% or above for both doses by 2012. There were 584，758 cases of rubella reported in China during 2004–2023. Joinpoint regression showed that rubella incidence initially increased， peaked in 2008， and then decreased (APC2004–2008=47.12%， APC2008–2023=–18.95%， P<0.05). Adolescents， aged 10–19 years， accounted for 67.8% of cases at a peak incidence in 2019 (APC2016–2019=103.70%， APC2016–2019=–89.76%， P<0.05); 77.8% of cases had no or unknown RCV history. The decrease in rubella incidence is closely associated with vaccination. Nationwide inclusion of RCV had a significant impact on the prevention and control of rubella. Targeted measures to address immunization gaps and maintain high surveillance sensitivity are necessary to promote rubella elimination.

 

风疹甩掉和排斥表露阶段免疫策略对风疹发病率的影响 — 中国，2004–2023年

刘斯宇1；许侠1；刘倩倩1；唐林1；王晓琪1；黄澳迪1；李玖洪1；修乐欣1；杨宏1；温宁1；Lance E. Rodewald1；尹遵栋1；王富珍1，#

1.传染病溯源预警与智能决策寰宇要点实验室，免疫狡计中心，中国疾病驻守甩掉中心，北京，中国。

# 通讯作家: 王富珍，wangfz@chinacdc.cn。

 

自2004年风疹被纳入疾病监测系统以来，风疹的发病率发生了宏大变化。本讨论分析了中国2004–2023年免疫策略对风疹分年岁、性别发病率的影响，为股东排斥风疹进度和驻守先天性风疹概括征提供依据。通过国度免疫狡计信息经管系统、国度法定传染病证据系统和麻疹监测信息证据经管系统赢得含风疹疫苗（rubella-containing vaccine， RCV）接种率、风疹证据病例数和发病率、证据病例疫苗免疫史数据，态状时间变化趋势。使用Joinpoint总结分析各年岁组、性别的发病趋势和年度变化百分比（annual percent changes， APC）。2008年第1剂和第2剂RCV隐敝率差异为51.5%和39.0%，随后肃穆训诲，到2012年捏续看护在95%以上。2004–2023年中国共证据584，758例风疹病例。Joinpoint总结分析线路，风疹发病率逐年高涨，并在2008年达到岑岭，随后下跌（APC2004–2008=47.12%，APC2008–2023=-18.95%， P<0.05）。10–19岁青少年占2019年发病岑岭病例总额的67.8%（APC2016–2019=103.70%， APC2016–2019=-89.76%， P<0.05），其中77.8%的病例无RCV免疫史或不祥。风疹发病率的裁减与疫苗接种密不行分，在寰宇领域内纳入RCV对风疹防控职责产生了蹙迫影响。有必要采用有针对性的法子，在保捏高度监测明锐性的同期，填补东说念主群免疫空缺，捏续股东排斥风疹进度。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.262

 

 

Post-Marketing Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Meningococcal Vaccination — China， 2013–2021

Yuyang Xu 1，2，3; Keli Li2，3，#; Yan Li2，3; Yuan Li2，3; Lina Zhang2，3; Chunxiang Fan2，3; Minrui Ren2，3; Zundong Yin2，3

1. Department of Expanded Program on Immunization， Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Hangzhou City， Zhejiang Province， China;

2. National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases， National Immunization Programme， Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Beijing， China. 

# Corresponding author: Keli Li情欲印象下载， likl@chinacdc.cn.

 

The surveillance data of suspected adverse events following immunization (AEFI) after meningococcal meningococcal vaccine (MenV) vaccination were analyzed to understand the safety of MenV vaccine. Via Chinese National Immunization Information System (CNIIS)， the AEFI case information and the number of inoculations reported after MenV vaccination in China from 2013 to 2021 were collected， and the occurrence characteristics and reported incidence of AEFI after MenV vaccination were descriptively analyzed. During the period 2013–2021， the overall reported incidence of AEFI for MenV vaccine was 37.87 per 100，000 doses. Among them， the reported incidence of adverse reactions， coincidental disorders， psychogenic reactions， and others (including unclassified， etc.) were 37.39/100，000 doses， 0.43/100，000 doses， 0.02/100，000 doses， and 0.02/100，000 doses， respectively. Among the adverse reactions， the reported incidence of general reactions and abnormal reactions were 35.47/100，000 doses and 1.93/100，000 doses， respectively. In general， the reported incidences of high fever (≥38.6°C)， redness and swelling (>5.0 cm) and induration (>5.0 cm) were 14.52/100，000 doses， 0.60 per 100，000 doses， and 0.21/100，000 doses， respectively. The main abnormal reactions were allergic reactions， among which the top 5 reported incidences were allergic rash， angioedema， Henoch-Schonlein purpura， thrombocytopenic purpura and anaphylactic shock. Febrile seizures predominate in neurological cases (0.05/100，000 doses). The adverse reactions after MenV vaccination in China were mainly general reactions such as fever and local reactions， and the reported incidence of abnormal reactions was very low， mainly allergic rash， and severe abnormal reactions were extremely rare. AEFI surveillance should continue to be strengthened， especially for severe allergic reactions， to improve the sensitivity of surveillance reports and the quality of investigation and handling.

 

素人播播

脑膜炎球菌疫苗疑似驻守接种颠倒响应监测分析 — 中国，2013-2021年

许玉洋1，2，3；李克莉2，3，#；李燕2，3；李媛2，3；张丽娜2，3；任敏睿2，3；樊春祥2，3；尹遵栋2，3

1.杭州市疾病驻守甩掉中心，杭州市，浙江省，中国；

2.传染病溯源预警与智能决策寰宇要点实验室，免疫狡计中心，中国疾病驻守甩掉中心，北京，中国。

# 通讯作家：李克莉，likl@chinacdc.cn。

 

分析流行性脑膜炎球菌性脑膜炎（Meningitis vaccine，MenV）疫苗接种后疑似驻守接种颠倒响应（Adverse events following immunization，AEFI）监测数据，了解MenV疫苗使用安全性。通过中国疾病驻守甩掉信息系统（Chinese National Immunization Information System，CNIIS）蚁集2013-2021年时候，在中国上市使用的MenV疫苗接种后证据的AEFI个案信息和接种剂次数，态状性分析MenV接种后AEFI的发生特征和证据发生率。在2013-2021年时候，MenV疫苗的AEFI总证据发生率为37.87/10万剂。其中，不良响应、正巧症、心因性响应和其他（包括未分类等）证据发生率差异为37.39/10万剂、0.43/10万剂、0.02/10万剂和0.02/10万剂。不良响应中，一般响应和颠倒响应证据发生率差异为35.47/10万剂和1.93/10万剂。一般响应中，高热(≥38.6℃)、红肿(>5.0cm)和硬结(>5.0cm)的证据发生率差异为14.52/10万剂、0.60/10万剂和0.21/10万剂。颠倒响应以过敏响应为主，其中证据发生率居前5位为过敏性皮疹、血管性水肿、过敏性紫癜、血小板减少性紫癜和过敏性休克。神经系统病例以热性惊厥为主(0.05/10万剂)。中国MenV疫苗接种后不良响应以发烧、局部响应等一般响应为主，颠倒响应证据发生率极低，主要为过敏性皮疹，严重颠倒响应极其荒原。应连接加强AEFI监测，非凡是对严重过敏响应的监测，训诲监测证据明锐性和走访惩办质料。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.263

 

 

Immunogenicity of Short-Course， High-Dose Hepatitis B Vaccination in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease — Shanxi Province， China， 2019–2020

Linying Gao1，2，3; Xufeng Cui1，2，3; Xinyuan Mo1，2，3; Zhaoyue Men1，2，3; Xiuyang Xu1，2，3; Tian Yao1，3，4; Jianmin Wang5; Hongting Liu6; Hongping Guo7; Guowei Chai8; Liming Liu5; Fuzhen Wang9; Xiaofeng Liang10，11，12，#; Suping Wang1，2，3; Yongliang Feng1，2，3，#

1. School of Public Health， Shanxi Medical University， Taiyuan City， Shanxi Province， China;

2. Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention (Shanxi Medical University)， Ministry of Education， Taiyuan City， Shanxi Province， China;

3. Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine， Shanxi Medical University， Taiyuan City， Shanxi Province， China;

4. First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University， Taiyuan City， Shanxi Province， China;

5. Department of Nephrology， Linfen Central Hospital， Linfen City， Shanxi Province， China;

6. Department of Nephrology， Yuncheng Central Hospital， Yuncheng City， Shanxi Province， China;

7. Department of Nephrology， Linfen People's Hospital， Linfen City， Shanxi Province， China;

8. Department of Nephrology， Houma People's Hospital， Houma City， Shanxi Province， China;

9. National Immunization Program， Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Beijing， China;

10. Institute of Vaccine Industry， Jinan University， Guangzhou City， Guangdong Province， China;

11. Institute of Disease Control and Prevention， Jinan University， Guangzhou City， Guangdong Province， China.

12. Chinese Preventive Medicine Association， Beijing， China.

# Corresponding authors: Yongliang Feng， yongliang.feng@sxmu.edu.cn; Xiaofeng Liang， liangxf@Jnu.edu.cn.

 

As one of the populations at high risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection， patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) require rapid and effective development of hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs). This study aimed to assess the immunogenicity of a triple dose of hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine in CKD patients following a 0-1-2 months program. This prospective study was conducted between May 2019 and February 2020 at four hospitals in Shanxi province， China. A total of 273 subjects were recruited. All the subjects were randomized into three groups. Two groups were inoculated with 20 μg HepB vaccine on the routine immunization schedule (at months 0，1，6) and a rapid-schedule (at months 0，1，2)， the other group was administered the 60 μg HepB vaccine with a rapid-schedule (at months 0，1，2). Blood samples were collected for detecting the geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of anti-HBs after 1 month following administration of the last dose of vaccine. The short-course， high-dose regimen of hepatitis B vaccination rapidly induced comparable immunological responses to the routine regimen， achieving a seroconversion rate of 88.5%， a high-response rate of 64.1%， and anti-HBs geometric mean concentrations of 824.1 mIU/mL. The short-course， high-dose regimen represents an effective rapid immunization strategy for CKD patients， particularly when administered prior to immunosuppressive therapy. This study provides compelling evidence for optimizing immunization protocols in the CKD population.

 

慢性肾脏病患者短程高剂量乙型肝炎疫苗接种的免疫原性 —中国，2019–2020年

高林英1，2，3；崔旭锋1，2，3；莫新元1，2，3；门朝月1，2，3；许修洋1，2，3；姚添1，3，4；王建民5；柳红6；郭红萍7；柴国伟8；刘清晨5；王富珍9；梁晓峰10，11，12，#；王素萍1，2，3；冯永亮1，2，3，#

1. 山西医科大学寰球卫生学院，太原市，山西省，中国；

2. 煤炭环境致病与防治考验部要点实验室，太原市，山西省，中国；

3. 山西医科大学临床流行病学与循证医学中心，太原市，山西省，中国；

4. 山西医科大学第一病院(第一临床医学院)，太原市，山西省，中国；

5. 临汾市中心病院肾内科，临汾市，山西省，中国；

6. 运城市中心病院肾内科，运城市，山西省，中国；

7. 临汾市东说念主民病院肾内科，临汾市，山西省，中国；

8. 侯马市东说念主民病院肾内科，侯马市，山西省，中国；

9. 免疫狡计中心，中国疾病驻守甩掉中心，北京，中国；

10. 暨南大学疫苗产业讨论院， 广州市，广东省，中国；

11. 暨南大学疾病驻守甩掉讨论院， 广州， 广东省，中国；

12. 中华防太医学会， 北京，中国。

# 通讯作家：冯永亮，yongliang.feng@sxmu.edu.cn; 梁晓峰，liangxf@Jnu.edu.cn。

 

行为乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染的高危东说念主群之一，慢性肾脏病（Chronic Kidney Disease， CKD）患者需要快速灵验地指令乙型肝炎名义抗体（抗 HBs）。本讨论旨在评估 CKD 患者按0-1-2 月接种60μg乙肝疫苗后的免疫原性。这项前瞻性讨论于 2019 年 5 月至 2020 年 2 月在山西省的四家病院进行。本讨论共招募了 273 名18-70岁的受试者，悉数受试者被当场分为三组，差异按照0-1-6月20μg、0-1-2月20μg、0-1-2月60μg有商量接种乙肝疫苗。检测三组全程接种后 1个月的抗 HBs，分析抗体阳性率和几何平均浓度(GMC) 、不良响应发生率和全程接种完成率。后果线路，短程高剂量乙肝疫苗接种有商量能赶紧指令出与惯例接种有商量至极的免疫应付，血清篡改率达到88.5%，强应付率达到64.1%，抗-HBs几何平均浓度达到824.1 mIU/mL。因此，针对慢性肾脏病患者而言，短程高剂量有商量是一种灵验的快速免疫策略，尤其是在免疫禁绝调养前使用。本讨论为优化 CKD 患者的免疫有商量提供了科学可靠的凭证。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.264

 

 

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Vaccination Compliance Strategies Using a Novel Hybrid Model for Influenza Vaccination

Dongfang You1，2; Yi Zhou1; Yan Yan3; Feng Chen1，4; Mengyi Lu2，4，#; Fang Shao1，#

1. Department of Biostatistics， School of Public Health， National Vaccine innovation Platform， Nanjing Medical University， Nanjing City， Jiangsu Province， China;

2. Pharmaceutical Industry Technology Research Institute of Nanjing Medical University， Taizhou City， Jiangsu Province， China;

3. Nanjing Hanwei Public Health Research Institute Co.， Ltd， Nanjing City， Jiangsu Province， China;

4. China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health， Center for Global Health， Nanjing Medical University， Nanjing City， Jiangsu Prvoince， China;

# Corresponding author: Fang Shao， shaofang@njmu.edu.cn; Mengyi Lu， mylunjyk@njmu.edu.cn.

 

The cost-effectiveness of vaccination strategies plays a crucial role in managing infectious diseases such as influenza within public health systems. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of vaccination compliance strategies by comparing an "adherence" strategy， which promoted continuous vaccination uptake， with a "volunteer" strategy through model-based simulations. We developed a novel hybrid model that integrates continuous-time agent-based models (ABMs) with a Markov model to simulate vaccination behaviors and disease dynamics at the individual level. The model incorporated socioeconomic factors， vaccine efficacy， and population interactions to evaluate the long-term health outcomes and associated costs of different vaccination compliance strategies. Simulation results demonstrated that the "adherence" strategy significantly enhanced vaccination coverage and reduced influenza cases， yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of Chinese Yuan (CNY) 33，847 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained， indicating superior cost-effectiveness compared to the "volunteer" strategy. Our findings support implementing targeted influenza vaccination compliance strategies， presenting an innovative approach to strengthen public health interventions and enhance vaccination program effectiveness. The hybrid model shows promise in informing public health policy and practice， warranting further investigation of its applications across diverse public health contexts.

 

利用立异的相连时间基于智能体马尔可夫羼杂模子的流感疫苗接种效用性策略本钱效益分析

尤东方1，2；周屹1；闫艳3；陈峰1，4；陆梦依2，4，#；邵方1，#

1. 南京医科大学国度疫苗立异平台寰球卫生学院生物统计学系，南京市，江苏省，中国；

2. 南京医科大学泰州医药产业讨论院，泰州市，江苏省，中国；

3. 南京汉卫寰球卫生讨论院有限公司，南京市，江苏省，中国；

南京医科大学全球健康中心中国环境与东说念主类健康海外连结讨论中心，南京市，江苏省，中国。

# 通讯作家：邵方，shaofang@njmu.edu.cn；陆梦依，mylunjyk@njmu.edu.cn。

 

在寰球卫生方面，疫苗接种策略的本钱效益对流感等传染病的经管至关蹙迫。本讨论聚焦于评估疫苗接种效用性策略的本钱效益，非凡是通过模子的模拟仿真，将饱读吹捏续接种的“坚捏”策略与“志愿”策略进行比较。利用相连时间基于智能体模子（ABM）和马尔可夫模子，提议了一种立异的羼杂模子来模拟个体水平的疫苗接种行为和疾病能源学。该模子纳入了社会经济成分、疫苗效力和东说念主口交互，以评估不同疫苗接种效用性策略关联的长久健康结局和本钱。模拟仿真后果线路，“坚捏”策略显贵加多了疫苗接种并减少了流感病例，每个质料调整生命年（QALY）的增量本钱效益比（ICER）为东说念主民币（CNY）33，847，标明与“志愿”策略比较，“坚捏”策略在本钱效益上更具上风。讨论后果撑捏接管针对性的流感疫苗接种效用性策略，为加强寰球卫生干豫和促进更灵验的疫苗接种盘算提供了一种新时势。该羼杂模子展示了为寰球卫生战术和试验提供信息的后劲，值得进一步探索其在不同的寰球卫生配景下的应用。

For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.265

 

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